Public Participation GIS Bibliography

Compiled by Renee Sieber. Last updated Oct. 30, 2003. If you have any updates or additions, please send them to renee.sieber@mcgill.ca

 

Thanks to Mike McCall for new additions

Specialty Issues

Cultural Survival Quarterly 18, 4, 1995

Cartography and Geographic Information Systems (CAGIS) 1995, 22, 1. Special Issue on GIS and Society.

Cartography and Geographic Information Systems (CAGIS) 1998, 25, 2. Special Issue on PPGIS.

Cartographica, forthcoming. Special Issue onPPGIScience.

Urban and Regional Information Systems Association Journal, JURISA, 2003, 15, APA1, http://www.urisa.org/Journal/APANo1/Final.pdf. Special Issue on Access and Participatory Approaches.

Urban and Regional Information Systems Association Journal, JURISA, 2003, 15, APA2, http://www.urisa.org/Journal/APANo2/Final.pdf. Special Issue on Access and Participatory Approaches.

International Journal of Geographical Information Systems (IJGIS) 2000, 12, 12. Special Issue on the Social Construction of GIS.                                                                                                                                        

Environment and Planning B 2001, 28, 6

Also the PPGIS workshop of Varenius, NCGIA, http://www.nciga.ucsb.edu/varenius/ppgis/papers/index.html.

Proceedings of the 1st and 2nd Public Participation GIS Conferences. Available from URISA (see http://www.urisa.org)

Aboriginal Mapping Network, at http://www.nativemaps.org

GIS and Society

Aitken, S. C. and Michel, S. M., 1995, Who contrives the 'real' in GIS? Geographic information, planning and critical theory. Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, 22, 1, 17-29. 

Anderson, Janet, Julia Meaton, and Clive Potter. 1994. Public participation: an approach using aerial photographs at Ashford, Kent. Town Planning Review 65 (1) 41-58.

Chrisman, N. R. 1987. Design of geographic information systems based on social and cultural goals. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 53(10): 1367-1370.

Clark, M. J. 1998. GIS-democracy or delusion? Environment and Planning A 30(2): 303-316.

Curry, Michael. R., 1998, Digital Places: Living with Geographic Information Technologies (New York: Routledge).

Edney, M.H. 1991. Strategies for maintaining the democratic nature of geographic information systems. Papers and Proceedings of the Applied Geography Conferences 14: 100-108.

Flowerdew, R. 1998. Reacting to Ground Truth. Environment and Planning A 30(2), 289-301.

Hall, Carol. 1996. Gender and GIS. Varenius Program, Initiative 19 Paper. http://www.geo.wvu.edu/www/i19/hall.html

Harris, Trevor, and Daniel Weiner (Comps). 1996. GIS and Society: the Social Implications of How People, Space, and Environment are Represented in GIS. Scientific Report for Initiative 19 Specialist Meeting, South Haven, MN, March 1996. Santa Barbara, CA: NCGIA, Varenius Tech. Rept. No. 96-7. (199p.) http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/Publications/Tech_Reports/96/96-7.PDF

Harvey, F. and Chrisman, N. R., 1998, Boundary objects and the social construction of GIS technology. Environment and Planning A, 30, 1683-1694. 

Janelle, Donald, and David Hodge. 1998. Measuring and Representing Accessibility in the Information Age. Report of a Specialist Meeting of Varenius Project, Pacific Grove, CA., Nov. 1998. (61p.)

Katz, C., 1992. All the world is staged: intellectuals and the projects of ethnography. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 10: 495-510.

Lake, R. W., 1993, Planning and applied geography: Positivism, ethics, and geographic information systems. Progress in Human Geography, 17, 3, 404-413.

Monmonier, M., 1991, How to Lie with Maps (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press).

Monmonier, M. 1997. Ridicule as a Weapon Against GIS-based Siting Studies. Available at http://www.geo.wvu.edu/i19/papers/monmonier.html

Morain, S., ed., 1999, GIS Solutions in Natural Resource Management: Balancing the Technical-Political Equation (Santa Fe, NM: Onwood Press).

Obermeyer, Nancy J. 1995. The Hidden GIS Technocracy. Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, vol. 22, no. 1, 1995, pp. 78-83.

Obermeyer, Nancy J. 1994. Spatial conflicts in the information age. Urban & Regional Information Association Journal (URISA) pp.269-282.

Openshaw, S., 1991, Commentary: A View on the GIS crisis in geography, or, using GIS to put Humpty-Dumpty back together again. Environment and Planning A, 23, 621-628.

Paul, William George. 2002? Jackson Ward Electronic Community project. Politics, participation and the internet, Richmond VA. Online Planning Journal 41. (7p.) http://www.casa.ucl.ac.uk/planning/articles41/jacksonward.htm

Pickles, J. (1999). Arguments, Debates, and Dialogues: the GIS-social Theory Debate and the Concern for Alternatives. In P. A. Longley, M. F. Goodchild, D. J. MacGuire, and D. W. Rhind (eds.). Geographical Information Systems: Principles, Techniques, Applications, and Management (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Pickles, J., ed., 1995, Ground Truth: The Social Implications of Geographic Information Systems. New York: Guilford Press.

Pickles, John. 1995. Representations in an electronic age: geography, GIS, and democracy. In Pickles, J., ed., Ground Truth: The Social Implications of Geographic Information Systems. New York: Guilford Press. 1-30.

Rundstrom, R. A., 1995, GIS, indigenous peoples, and epistemological diversity. Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, 22, 1, 45-57.

Schön, Donald A., Bish Sanyal, and William J. Mitchell. eds. High Technology and Low-Income Communities: Prospects for the Positive Use of Advanced Information Technology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Sheppard, E., 1995, GIS and society: Towards a research agenda. Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, 22, 1, 5-16.

Sieber, R. E. 2000. Conforming (to) the Opposition: Geographic Information Systems in the Conservation Movement, International Journal of Geographic Information Systems 14, 8: 775-793.

Sui, D. Z. (1996). Contextualizing Geographic Information Systems (GIS): Toward a Critical Theory of Geographic Information Science. Retrieved 5 January 2001 from the World Wide Web.

Towers, George. 1997. GIS versus the community: Siting power in southern West Virginia. Applied Geography 17(2): 111-125.

Vajjhala, Shalini. 2002. Re-inventing GIS: from Information to Communication. Pittsburgh, PA: Carnegie Mellon University, PhD Proposal. (9p.)

Varanka, Dalia. 1996. The Social Implications of how People, Space, and Environment are Represented in GIS. GIS and Society. Initiative 19 Position Paper. www.geo.wvu.edu/i19/papers/varanka

Walker, P.A. and P. E. Peters. 2001. Maps, metaphors and meanings: Boundary struggles and village forest use on private and state land in Malawi. Society and Natural Resources 14(5): 411-424.

Wood, D., 1992, The Power of Maps (New York: The Guilford Press).

Yapa, L. 1991. Is GIS Appropriate Technology? International Journal of Geographical Information Systems 5(1): 41-58.

Community/Counter Mapping

Aberley, D., ed. 1993, Boundaries of Home: Mapping for Local Empowerment. Philadelphia, PA: New Society Publishers.

Abbot, J., R. Chambers, C. Dunn, T. Harris, E. de Merode, G. Porter, J. Townsend, and D. Weiner. 1998. Participatory GIS: opportunity or oxymoron? PLA Notes 33:27-34. IIED, London. Available at http://www.iapad.org/publications/ppgis/participatory_gis_opportunity_or_oxymoron.pdf

Alcorn, J. 2000. Borders, rules and governance: Mapping to catalyse changes in policy and management. Gatekeepers Series no. 91. IIED, London. See also www.iied.org/agri/gatkeep.htm

Alcorn, Janis B. 2000. Keys to unleash mapping’s good magic, PLA Notes No. 39: 10-13, IIED, London, UK. Available at http://www.iapad.org/publications/ppgis/keys_to_unleash_mapping's_good_magic_f.pdf.

Ayres, Ed. 2003. Mapping the Nature of Diversity. World-Watch 16(2):30-32, overleaf.

Bennagen, P. and Royo A., eds. 2000. Mapping the Earth, Mapping Life. Legal Rights and Natural Resources Center (LRC), Quezon City, Philippines.

Bojorquez-Tapia, L.A., S Diaz-Mondragon and E. Ezcurra. 2001. GIS-based approach for participatory decision making and land suitability assessment. International Journal of Geographical Information Science 15(2): 129-151.

Bowie, I. 1995. Whose Environment Are We Mapping? The Globe: Journal of the Australian Map Circle 43: 12-17.

Bronsveld, K. 1994. The use of local knowledge in land use/land cover mapping from satellite images. ITC Journal 4:349-358.

Chambers, Robert. 2002. Participatory Numbers: experience, questions and the future (Working draft) Conference on Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in Development Research. Centre for Development Studies, University of Wales Swansea, Swansea, UK. July 1-2, 2002. Available at http://www.iapad.org/publications/ppgis/participatory_numbers.pdf.

Chapin, Mac and Bill Threlkeld. 2001. Indigenous Landscapes: A Study in Ethnocartography. Arlington, VA:  Center for the Support of Native Lands. Contact the Center at mail@nativelands.org.

Denniston, Derek. 1994. Defending the Land with Maps. World Watch-January/February 1994: 27-32.

Duerden, Frank and Richard Kuhn. 1996. Indigenous Land-use Information Project. Ryerson School of Applied Geography. Available at www.ryerson.ca/geog/wwwsag/html/indigen.

Eghenter, Cristina. 2000. Mapping People's Forests: The Role of Mapping in Planning Community-Based Management of Conservation Areas in Indonesia. People, Forests and Reefs Program Discussion Paper Series. Washington, DC. Biodiversity Support Program. Publication 71. Available at http://www.bsponline.org/bsp/publications/asia/mapping/mapping.pdf"http://www.bsponline.org/bsp/publications/asia/mapping/mapping.pdf  (not including figures, maps).

Fischer, A. 1994. Power mapping: New ways of creating maps help people protect their landscape. Utne Reader 65:32-35.

Flavelle, A. 1995. Community-based mapping in Southeast Asia. Cultural Survival Quarterly Winter: 72-72.

Fortmann, Louise. Gendered Knowledge: Rights and Space in Two Zimbabwe Villages: Reflections on Methods and Findings. In D. Rocheleau, B. Thomas-Slayter and E. Wangon, eds. Feminist Political Ecology. 211-223.

Fox, Jefferson. 2002. Siam mapped and mapping in Cambodia. Society and Natural Resources 15: 65-78.

Fox, Jefferson. 1990. Sketch mapping as a diagnostic tool in forest management. In Mark Poffenberger, ed. Keepers of the Forest: Land Management Alternatives for Southeast Asia. Westport: Kumarian Press. 119-133.

Fox, Jefferson. 1998. Mapping the Commons: The Social Context of Spatial Information Technologies. The Common Property Resource Digest 45:1-4.

Grove, Morgan, and Mark Hohmann. 1992. Social forestry and GIS. The Urban Resources Initiative involves communities in planning and decision making. Journal of Forestry 90 (12) 10-15.

Harmsworth, Garth. 1998. Indigenous Values and GIS: a Method and a Framework. Indigenous Knowledge and Development Monitor Vol. 6 (3) December 1998 [77KB, 7 pages]

Hoare, Peter, Borpit Maneeratana, Wichai Songwadhana, Apichart Suwanmanee and Yanyong Sricharoen. 2002. Relief Models, a Multipurpose Tool for Improved Natural Resource Management The Experience of the Upper Nan Watershed Management Project in Thailand. ASEAN Biodiversity, Vol. 2 No. 1, 11-16. ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity Conservation (ARCBC). Available at http://www.iapad.org/publications/ppgis/relief_models_a_multipurpose_tool_for_nrm.pdf.

Hodgson, Dorothy L. and Richard A. Schroeder. 2002. Dilemmas of Counter-Mapping Community Resources in Tanzania. Development and Change 33(1): 79-100.

Recent work has celebrated the political potential of counter-mapping, that is, mapping against dominant power structures, to further seemingly progressive goals. This article briefly reviews the counter-mapping literature, and compares four counter-mapping projects from Maasai areas in Tanzania to explore some potential pitfalls in such efforts. The cases, which involve community-based initiatives led by a church-based NGO, ecotourism companies, the Tanzanian National Parks Authority, and grassroots pastoralist rights advocacy groups, illustrate the broad range of activities grouped under the heading of counter-mapping. They also present a series of political dilemmas that are typical of many counter-mapping efforts: conflicts inherent in conservation efforts involving territorialization, privatization, integration and indigenization; problems associated with the theory and practice of community-level political engagement; the need to combine mapping efforts with broader legal and political strategies; and critical questions involving the agency of external actors such as conservation and development donors, the state and private business interests.

 

Jarvis, K. A. and Spearman, A. M. 1995. Geomatics and political empowerment: the Yaqui. Cultural Survival Quarterly 18(4): 58-61.

Kemp, W. B. and Brooke, L. F. 1995. Towards Information self-sufficiency: the Nunavik Inuit gather information on ecology and land use. Cultural Survival Quarterly 18(4): 25- 28.

Kettle, Bonnie. 1995. "" In Missing Links: Gender Equity Science and Technology for Development by the Gender Working Group of the UN Commission. Ottawa: International Development Reseach Centre.

Lewis, D.M. 1995. Importance of GIS to community-based management of wildlife: Lessons from Zambia. Ecological Applications 5(4): 861-871.

Maantay, J. 1996. Bringing mapping (and power) to the people; Using “counter-mapping” to assess, analyze, challenge and change environmental social and health conditions in the South Bronx, New York. Unpublished manuscript.

McKinnon, John. 2001. Mobile Interactive GIS: Bringing Indigenous Knowledge and Scientific Information Together. A narrative account. Paper presented at the International Workshop "Participatory Technology Development and Local Knowledge for Sustainable Land Use in Southeast Asia", 6-7 June 2001, Chiang Mai, Thailand. Available at http://www.iapad.org/publications/ppgis/mobile_interactive_gis.pdf.

Mbile, Peter, Ann Degrande and David Okon. 2003. Integrating Participatory Resource Mapping and Geographic Information Systems in Forest Conservation and Natural Resources Management in Cameroon: A Methodological Guide. The Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries (EJISDC) 14(2) 15 pp. Available at http://www.iapad.org/publications/ppgis/prm_and_gis.pdf.

Muller, Daniel and Bjorn Wode. 2002. Methodology for Village Mapping Using Photomaps. Social Forestry Development Project (SFDP) Song Da, Vietnam. Available at http://www.iapad.org/publications/ppgis/participatory_mapping_using_photomaps.pdf.

Natalia, L.. 2000. Protecting and regaining Dayak lands through community mapping: The case of Sanggau District in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. In Alcorn, J.B. and Royo, A., eds., Indigenous Social Movements and Ecological Resilience: Lessons from the Dayak of Indonesia, Biodiversity Support Program, Washington DC.

Nietschmann, B. 1995. Defending the Miskito reefs with maps and GPS: mapping with sail, scuba, and satellite. Cultural Survival Quarterly 18(4): 34-37.

Orlove, Benjamin (1993). "The Ethnography of Maps: The Cultural and Social Contexts of Cartographic Representation in Peru." Cartographica 30(1): 29-46.

Peluso, N.L. (1995). Whose Woods are These? Counter-Mapping Forest Territories in Kalimantan, Indonesia. Antipode 27(4): 383-406.

Poole, Peter, ed. 1995a. Geomatics: Who Needs It? Cultural Survival Quarterly 18(4).

Poole, P., 1995b. Indigenous Peoples, Mapping & Biodiversity Conservation: An analysis of current activities and opportunities for applying geomatics technologies. Publication 23. People and Forest Program Discussion Paper Series. Washington, DC: Biodiversity Support Program. Washington: WWF, The Nature Conservancy, World Resources Institute. Available at http://www.bsponline.org/bsp/publications/asia/indigenous_people/indigenous_people.pdf (not including figures).

Puginier, Oliver. 2002. “Participation” in a conflicting policy framework: Lessons learned from a Thai experience. ASEAN Biodiversity, Vol. 2 No. 1, 35-42. ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity Conservation (ARCBC). Available at http://www.iapad.org/publications/ppgis/Participation_in_a_conflicting_policy_framework.pdf.

Rambaldi, Giacomo. 2002. GIS and the Fingertips. ASEAN Biodiversity, Vol. 2 No. 1, 10. ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity Conservation (ARCBC). Available at http://www.iapad.org/publications/ppgis/GIS_and_the_fingertips.pdf.

Rambaldi, Giacomo, Sahlee Bugna, Angela Tiangco and Dave de Vera. 2002. Bringing the Vertical Dimension to the Negotiating Table. Preliminary Assessment of a Conflict Resolution Case in the Philippines. Paper presented at the 6th International Conference on GIS and Developing Countries (GISDECO 2002), May 15-18, 2002, International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences, ITC, The Netherlands. Available at http://www.iapad.org/publications/ppgis/Bringing_the_vertical_dimension_to_the_negotiating_table.pdf.

Rambaldi, Giacomo and Jasmin Callosa-Tarr.  2000. Exploring the Synergies of GIS and Participatory 3-D Modeling to Increase Local Communication Capacity, paper presented et the 5th Seminar on GIS and Developing Countries, GISDECO 2000, IRRI, Los Baños, Philippines. Available at http://www.iapad.org/publications/ppgis/exploring_the_sinergies_of_gis_and_p3dm.pdf.

Rambaldi, Giacomo and Le Van Lanh, 2003. The Seventh Helper: the Vertical Dimension. Feedback from a training exercise in Vietnam. PLA Notes No. 46: 77-83, IIED, London, UK. Available at http://www.iapad.org/publications/ppgis/article_pla_notes_46.pdf.

Rambaldi, Giacomo, Marlynn Mendoza and Fernando Ramirez 2000. Adding the 4th Dimension to Participatory 3-D Modeling, PLA Notes No. 39: 19-24, IIED, London, UK. Available at http://www.iapad.org/publications/ppgis/article_pla_notes_39.pdf.

Rambaldi, Giacomo, Maria Luisa Fernan and Susan Siar. 1998. Resource Mapping in Participatory Methods in Community-based Coastal Resource Management, Vol. 2: 222-235. International Institute of Rural Reconstruction: Silang, Cavite, Philippines.

Rocheleau, Dianne. 1995. Maps, Numbers, Text, and Context: Mixing Methods in Feminist Political Ecology. Professional Geographer 47(4): 458-466.

Rocheleau, Dianne and Ross, Laurie. 1995. Trees as Tools, Trees as Text: Struggles over Resources in Zambrana-Chacuey, Dominican Republic. Antipode 27(4): p. 407-428.

Rocheleau, D., B. Thomas-Slayter and D. Edmunds. 1995. Gendered Resource Mapping: Focusing on Women's Spaces in the Landscape. Cultural Survival Quarterly 18(4): 62-68.

Sedogo, L.G. and S.M.E. Groten. 2000. Definition of land management units for GIS support to participatory planning: A Case on participatory land management in Burkino Faso. Canadian Journal of Development Studies 21 (Special Issue): 523-542.

Sieber, R. E. 2002. The Future of Conservationist GIS: Report to Conservation Technology Support Program (CTSP). San Francisco, CA: CTSP.

Sirait, M. S. Prasodjo, N. Podger, A. Flavelle and J. Fox. 1994. Mapping customary land in East Kalimantan, Indonesia: A Tool for Forest Management. Ambio 23(7): 411-417.

Tabor, J.A. and C.F. Hutchinson (1994). Using Indigenous Knowledge, Remote Sensing and GIS for Sustainable Development. Indigenous Knowledge and Development Monitor 2(1). Electronic journal: http://www.nufficcs.nl/ciran/ikdm.

Tobias, Terry. 2000. Chief Kerry’s Moose. A Guidebook to Land Use and Occupancy Mapping, Research Design. Vancouver, BC: Union of British Columbia Chiefs and Ecotrust. Available at http://www.ubcic.bc.ca/tus.htm.

Wood, B. William. 2000. GIS as a Tool for Territorial Negotiations. IBRU Boundary and Security Bulletin. Vol. 8 No. 3:72-78. Available at http://www.iapad.org/publications/ppgis/gis_tool_for_territorial_negotiations.pdf.

PPGIS/Community GIS

Abbott, Jo, Robert Chambers, Christine Dunn, Trevor Harris, Emmanual de Merode, Gina Porter, Janet Townsend, and Daniel Weiner. 1998. Participatory GIS: opportunity or oxymoron? Participatory Learning & Action PLA Notes (IIED, Sustainable Agriculture & Rural Livelihoods), PLA 33, 27-34.

Aitken, Stuart C. 2002. Public Participation, Technological Discourses and the Scale of GIS. In Craig, Will, Trevor Harris, and Daniel Weiner. Community Participation and Geographic Information Systems. London: Taylor and Francis. 357-366.

Al-Kodmany, Kheir. 2002. GIS and the Artist: Shaping the Image of a Neighborhood in Participatory Environmental Design . In Craig, Will, Trevor Harris, and Daniel Weiner. Community Participation and Geographic Information Systems. London: Taylor and Francis. 320-329.

_____________. 2001. Bridging the gap between technical and local knowledge: tools for promoting community-based planning and design. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research. 18(2): 110-130.

This article details the use of a public participation GIS in community planning in the Pilsen neighborhood in Chicago. The University of Illinois-Chicago, which is located next to Pilsen, provided the equipment and technical skills. The author explains in depth the advantages and disadvantages of a GIS used in this situation. The GIS was used at community meetings to help residents visualize the steps being proposed to improve the neighborhood. Combined with traditional approaches such as paper maps, the GIS was largely successful. The author felt there was some concerns with using a GIS such as good graphics can lend undeserved authority to a proposal. There was also concern that some residents were uncomfortable with the technical aspects of a GIS and therefore excluded from the process. He suggests that more research needs to be done on whether planners can truly act as unbiased facilitators in such situations. Overall he felt that the GIS was a valuable tool in the development process for Pilsen. (from Emily Larkin—http://oregonstate.edu/~larkine/Public_Participation_GIS.html)

_____________. 2000. Extending GIS to meet neighbourhood planning needs: the case of three Chicago communities. Urban and Regional Information Systems Association (URISA) Journal 12 (3) 19-37.

_____________. 1998. Multimedia GIS applications for neighborhood planning and design: the case of Pilsen, Chicago. Paper given at: NCGIA specialist meeting ‘Empowerment, Marginalization and Public Participation GIS. http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/varenius/ppgis/papers/al-kodmany.html

Allen, E., and Goers, R., 2002. Beyond maps: the next generation of GIS. Planning. 68(9): 26-29.

This articles details three case studies where GIS has been used for community planning decisions. The article seems to be aimed at planners who might not have a lot of previous exposure to GIS as it details functionality specific to community planning. (from Emily Larkin—http://oregonstate.edu/~larkine/Public_Participation_GIS.html)

Ball, J. 2002. Towards a methodology for mapping 'regions of sustainability' using PPGIS. Progress in Planning. 58: 81-140.

This exhaustive article (60 pages!) which is basically a review of literature about PPGIS, includes many definitions and case studies about PPGIS. After describing various traditional methods of gaining public input in the planning process, he discuses the role of PPGIS in the planning process. Slaithwaite and the Chicago-Pilsen examples of PPGIS being used in the planning process are discussed at length. He also describes how PPGIS has been used for forest management in southern Ghana. The author's conclusions about PPGIS's applicability to sustainable development is discussed in the last chapter of the article. Some of the factors that lead to the success of a PPGIS are discussed in the last chapter as well. Among them are an easy-to-use interface, web-based systems allow for wider use, and a simple method to obtain user input. (from Emily Larkin—http://oregonstate.edu/~larkine/Public_Participation_GIS.html)

Barndt, Michael. 2002. A Model for Evaluating Public Participation GIS. In Craig, Will, Trevor Harris, and Daniel Weiner. Community Participation and Geographic Information Systems. London: Taylor and Francis. 346-356.

Barndt, M., 1998, Public participation GIS--Barriers to implementation. Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, 25, 2, 105-112.

Barndt, Michael G. 1994. Initiative on GIS and Society. NCGIA Iniative 19: The Social Implications of How People, Space, and Environment are Represented in GIS. (URL)http://www.geo.wvu.edu/i19/papers/barndt.html.

Barndt, Michael G., and William J.Craig. 1994. Data Providers Empower Community GIS Efforts. GIS World, July: 49-51.

Bond, Crystal. 2002. The Cherokee Nation and Tribal Uses of GIS. In Craig, Will, Trevor Harris, and Daniel Weiner. Community Participation and Geographic Information Systems. London: Taylor and Francis. 283-294.

Bosworth, Mark, John Donovan and Paul Couey. 2002. Portland Metro’s Dream for Public Involvement. In Craig, Will, Trevor Harris, and Daniel Weiner. Community Participation and Geographic Information Systems. London: Taylor and Francis. 125-136.

Brodnig, Gernot and Viktor Mayer-Schönberger. 2000. Bridging the Gap: The Role of Spatial Information Technologies in the Integration of Traditional Environmental Knowledge and Western Science. The Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries, Volume 1, January 2000. http://www.iapad.org/publications/ppgis/bridging_the_gap_the_role_of_spatial_info_tech_in_integrating_itk.pdf.

Caquard, S. 2002. Internet, maps and public participation: Contemporary limits and possibilities. In M.P. Peterson, ed., Maps and the Internet. Oxford, UK: Elsevier.

Carver, Steve. 2003. The Future of Participatory Approaches Using Geographic Information: Developing a research agenda for the 21st Century. Urban and Regional Information Systems Association (URISA) Journal 15, APA (Access and Participatory Approaches) I. 61-72. Available at http://www.urisa.org/Journal/APANo1/Final.pdf.

Carver, Steve. 2001. Participation and Geographical Information: a Position Paper. Paper presented at the "ESF-NSF Workshop on Access to Geographic Information and Participatory Approaches Using Geographic Information", Spoleto, 6-8 December 2001. Available at http://www.iapad.org/publications/ppgis/Participation_and_Geographic_Information_a_position_paper.pdf.

Carver, Steve. 2001. Public participation using web-based GIS. Guest editorial. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 28(6): 803-804.

Carver, Steve, Andrew Evans, Richard Kingston and Ian Turton. 2001. Public participation, GIS, and cyberdemocracy: evaluating on-line spatial decision support systems. Environment and Planning B, 28(6): 907-21.

The authors contend that many environmental planning problems are inherently spatial problems, which lend themselves naturally to a GIS. When a web-based PPGIS is used in the planning process, participation is not limited by the ability to attend a meeting or willingness to speak at a public forum. The authors examine the Slaithwaite case in the UK as well as a case in Yorkshire Dales National Park. The Yorkshire case allowed the public to examine various plans for restoring woodland within the park. As in other articles, the authors express concern over the segment of the population willing to use a PPGIS (e.g. those with knowledge about and access to computers and the internet). They worry that certain groups may be excluded from the planning process (e.g. the poor, elderly, etc.) if only web-based participation methods are used in the planning process. The authors suggest that web-based PPGIS cannot replace traditional planning methods such as meetings, but can definitely open the planning process to more people by providing new accessibility. (from Emily Larkin—http://oregonstate.edu/~larkine/Public_Participation_GIS.html)

________________________.  2000. Accessing Geographical Information Systems over the World Wide Web: Improving public participation in environmental decision-making. Information Infrastructure and Policy. 6(3): 157-170.

This paper describes work carried out as part of the Economic and Social Research Council's Virtual Society Research Programme and presents some initial developments in the field of spatial decision support systems (SDSS) on the World Wide Web. Particular attention is paid to the development of geographical information systems and Web-based SDSS with the principal aim of increasing public involvement in environmental decision-making. Discussion focuses on public access issues and the implications for online approaches to public participation. Examples of 3 online SDSSs are given covering local, regional and national scale case studies.

__________________________ 1999. Virtual Slaithwaite: A Web-based Public Participation ‘Planning for Real’ ® System. Leeds: University of Leeds, School of Geography, Case Study Report. (14p.) http://www.geog.leeds.ac.uk/papers/99-8/

Slaithwaite PFR-NIF refers to the ‘Planning for Real’ ® exercise by Neighbourhood Initiatives Foundation using a 1:1000 3-D scale model of Slaithwaite village, West Yorkshire, UK.

Casey, Liza and Tom Pederson. 2002. Mapping Philadelphia’s Neighborhoods. In Craig, Will, Trevor Harris, and Daniel Weiner. Community Participation and Geographic Information Systems. London: Taylor and Francis. 65-76.

Chua, Yang Liang and Sidney Wong. 2002. Data Intermediation and Beyond: How the Web Modifies the Dissemination of GIS Information. Proceedings of the First Annual Conference on PPGIS, URISA. July 21-23. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University.

Cinderby, Steve. 1999. Geographic Information Systems for Participation: The future of environmental GIS? International Journal of Environment and Pollution 11(3): 304-315.

Collins, C. and August, P. V. The South Kingstown Land Trust: GIS Supports Grass Roots Conservation. Environmental Systems Research Institute. Accessed 27 April 2001 from the World Wide Web: http://www.esri.com/industries/environment/gis_grass.html

Convis, Charles, Jr. ed. 2001. Conservation Geography: Case Studies in GIS, Computer Mapping, and Activism.  Redlands, CA: ESRI Press.

Couclelis, H., and Mark Monmonier. 1995. Using SUSS to Resolve NIMBY: How Spatial Understanding Support Systems Can Help With the ‘Not In My Back Yard’ Syndrome. Geographical Systems 2(2): 83-101.

Craglia, Max and Ian Masser. 2003. Access to Geographic Information: A European Perspective. Urban and Regional Information Systems Association (URISA) Journal 15, APA (Access and Participatory Approaches) I. 51-60. Available at http://www.urisa.org/Journal/APANo1/Final.pdf.

Craglia, Max and Harlan Onsrud. 2003. Workshop on Access to Geographic Information and Participatory Approaches in Using Geographic Information. Urban and Regional Information Systems Association (URISA) Journal 15, APA (Access and Participatory Approaches) II. 9-16. Available at http://www.urisa.org/Journal/APANo2/Final.pdf.

Craig, William J. 1994. Community Groups Need Equal Footing.' NCGIA Iniative 19: The Social Implications of How People, Space, and Environment are Represented in GIS. Available at http://www.geo.wvu.edu/i19/papers/craig.html.

Craig, W. J. and Elwood, S., 1998, How and why community groups use maps and geographic information. Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, 25, 2, 95-104.

Craig, Will, Trevor Harris, and Daniel Weiner. 2002. Community Participation and Geographic Information Systems. London: Taylor and Francis.

Dangermond, Jack. 2002. Mutualism in Strengthening GIS Technologies and Democratic Principles:  Perspectives from a GIS Vendor. In Craig, Will, Trevor Harris, and Daniel Weiner. Community Participation and Geographic Information Systems. London: Taylor and Francis. 297-308.

de Man, W.H. Erik. 2003. Cultural and Institutional Conditions for Using Geographic Information; Access and Participation. Urban and Regional Information Systems Association (URISA) Journal 15, APA (Access and Participatory Approaches) I. 29-34. Available at http://www.urisa.org/Journal/APANo1/Final.pdf.

Drew, Christina H. 2003. Transparency – Considerations for PPGIS Research and Development. Urban and Regional Information Systems Association (URISA) Journal 15, APA (Access and Participatory Approaches) I. 73-78. Available at http://www.urisa.org/Journal/APANo1/Final.pdf.

Elwood, Sarah and Rina Ghose. Forthcoming. PPGIS in Community Development Planning: Framing the Organizational Context. Cartographica 38(3-4).

Elwood, Sarah. 2002. The Impacts of GIS Use for Neighborhood Revitalization in
Minneapolis. In Craig, Will, Trevor Harris, and Daniel Weiner. Community Participation and Geographic Information Systems. London: Taylor and Francis. 77-88.

Elwood, Sarah. 2002. GIS use in community planning: a multidimensional analysis of empowerment. Environment & Planning A 34 (5) 905- 922.

Elwood, Sarah A. 2001. GIS and collaborative urban governance: understanding their implications for community action and power. Urban Geography 22 (8) 737-759.

Elwood, Sarah. and Leitner, Helga. 1998, GIS and community-based planning: Exploring the diversity of neighborhood perspectives and needs. Cartography and Geographic Information Systems 25(2): 77-88.

Esnard, Ann-Margaret, Michel Gelobter and Xavier Morales. Forthcoming. Environmental Justice, GIS and Pedagogy. Cartographica.

Geertman, Stan. 2002. Participatory planning and GIS: a PSS to bridge the gap. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 29(1): 21 – 35.

Ghere, R. K. & L. Rismiller. 2001. Information technology’s potential to improve urban neighborhoods: Some citizen planning dilemma. Journal of Urban Technology, 8(2): 39-60.

Ghose, Rina and Sarah Elwood. 2003. Public Participation GIS and Local Political Context: Propositions and Research Directions. Urban and Regional Information Systems Association (URISA) Journal 15, APA (Access and Participatory Approaches) II. 17-24. Available at http://www.urisa.org/Journal/APANo2/Final.pdf.

Ghose, Rina. 2001. Use of Information Technology for Community Empowerment: Transforming Geographic Information System into Community Information Systems, Transactions in GIS 5(2): 141-163.

Ghose, Rina. and William. E. Huxhold. 2001. Role of Local Contextual Factors in Building Public Participation GIS: The Milwaukee Experience. Cartography and Geographic Information Science 28 (3) 195 – 208.

Giger, Christine, and Manfred Loidold. 2002. Participatory planning and joint understanding through groupware-supported virtual GIS. URISA Journal (Currently under peer review) version 02/28/02. http://www.urisa.org/Journal/Under_Revi…ry_planning_and_joint_understanding.htm

Goodchild, Michael F. 2002. Forward. In Craig, Will, Trevor Harris, and Daniel Weiner. Community Participation and Geographic Information Systems. London: Taylor and Francis. xix-xxiii.

Haklay, Mordechai E., and Carolina Tobón. 2003. Usability evaluation and PPGIS: towards a user-centred design approach. International Journal of GIS 17 (6) 577-592.

Haklay, M. 2001, Public Environmental Information Systems: Challenges and Perspectives, PhD thesis, Dept. of Geography, University of London.

Haklay, M., Harrison, C. M., 2002, Public Participation GIS in the UK and the USA: A cross cultural analysis, paper presented at the 98th annual meeting of the Association of the American Geographers, March 19 - March 23, 2002, Los Angeles, California.

Han, Sun Sheng and Zhen Peng. 2003. Public participation GIS (PPGIS) for town council management in Singapore. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 30(1): 89-111.

Harris, Trevor. 2002. Geo-visualization Approaches to Participatory EIA Decision Making. Proceedings of the First Annual Conference on PPGIS, URISA. July 21-23. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University.

Harris, Trevor M. and Daniel Weiner. 2002. Implementing a Community-Integrated GIS: Perspectives from South African Fieldwork. In Craig, Will, Trevor Harris, and Daniel Weiner. Community Participation and Geographic Information Systems. London: Taylor and Francis. 246-258.

Harris, T. and Weiner, D., 1998, Empowerment, marginalization and ‘community-integrated’ GIS. Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, 25, 2, 67-76.

Harris, Trevor M., Weiner, Daniel, Warner, Timothy A., and Levin, Richard. 1995. Pursuing social goals through participatory geographic information systems. Redressing South Africa's historical political ecology. In Pickles, J., ed., Ground Truth: The Social Implications of Geographic Information Systems. New York: Guilford Press.196-222.

Harrison, Carolyn, and Mordechai Haklay. 2002. The potential of public participation GIS in UK environmental planning: appraisals by active publics. International Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 45 (6) 841-863.

Heckman, L.A. 1998. Methodology matters: Devising a research program for investigating PPGIS in collaborative neighborhood planning. Varenius Initiative paper http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/varenius/ppgis/papers/heckman/heckman.html

Hoffman, Eric F. 2002. Wireless handheld computers and neighborhood-based data collection. Paper given at: URISA Conference on Public Participation GIS (PPGIS), New Brunswick, NJ., July 2002. http://www.urisa.org/PPGIS/selected_papers.htm

Howard, D. 1999. Geographic information technologies and community planning: Spatial empowerment and public participation. Varenius Initiative paper http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/varenius/ppgis/papers/howard.html

HUD. 1997. Mapping your Community: Using Geographic Information to Strengthen Community Initiatives. Washington DC: US Department of Housing & Urban Development (HUD), HUD-1092-CPD.

Hutchinson, C. F. and Toledano, J. 1993. Guidelines for demonstrating geographical information systems based on participatory development. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems (7): 5.

Huxhold, William E., and Michael Martin. 1996. GIS Guides City's Neighborhood Funding Efforts. (URL)http://www.geoplace.com/gw/1996/0696/0696feat.html.

Jankowski, Piotr and Timothy Nyerges. 2003. Toward a Framework for Research on Geographic Information-Supported Participatory Decision-Making. Urban and Regional Information Systems Association (URISA) Journal 15, APA (Access and Participatory Approaches) I. 9-18. Available at http://www.urisa.org/Journal/APANo1/Final.pdf.

Jankowski, Piotr and Timothy Nyerges. 2001. Geographic Information Systems for Group Decision Making. London: Taylor & Francis, Inc.

Jordan, Gavin. 2002. GIS for Community Forestry User Groups in Nepal: Putting People before the Technology. In Craig, Will, Trevor Harris, and Daniel Weiner. Community Participation and Geographic Information Systems. London: Taylor and Francis. 232-245.

Jordan, Gavin. 1999. Public Participation and GIS: Report Back, PLA Notes 34: 16-17. London, UK: IIED. Available at http://www.iapad.org/publications/ppgis/public_participation_and_gis_report_back.PDF.

Jordan, G. H. 1998. A Systems Based Framework for the Evaluation of a Geographic Information System for community forest resource assessment. Paper presented at GIS and Society Conference, Minneapolis, MN.

Kellog, Wendy A. 1999. Community-based Organizations and Neighbourhood Environmental Problem Solving: A Framework for Adoption of Information Technologies. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 42(4): 445-470.

Kellogg, W.A. 1999. From the field, observations on using GIS to develop a neighborhood environmental information system for community-based organizations. URISA Journal 11 (1) 15-32.

Kim, Karl. 1998. Using GIS Technologies to Empower Community Based Organizations in Hawaii. Paper presented at NCGIA Special Meeting: Empowerment, Marginalization and Public Participation GIS, Santa Barbara, CA, URL http://www.nciga.ucsb.edu/varenius/ppgis/papers/index.html

King, Brian H. 2002. Towards a Participatory GIS: Evaluating Case Studies of Participatory Rural Appraisal and GIS in the Developing World. Cartography and Geographic Information Science 29(1): 43-52.

Kingston, Richard. 2002. Web Based PPGIS in the United Kingdom. In Craig, Will, Trevor Harris, and Daniel Weiner. Community Participation and Geographic Information Systems. London: Taylor and Francis. 101-112.

Kingston, R., Carver, S., Evans, A., and Turton, I. 2000. Web-based public participation geographical information systems: an aid to local environmental decision-making. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. 24: 109-125.

This paper describes the classic Slaithwaite case of public participation GIS. Slaithwaite was one of the first communities in the world to implement a web-based PPGIS for community planning purposes. The local government maintains a web page where users can select features on a map of the village and submit their concerns to the local government through a comments form. The authors describe the difficulties encountered which are similar to those described in other articles: technology may alienate certain members of the community, especially older, poorer members. Again, the concern was raised that, by graphically presenting data, unwarranted authority is granted to it. (from Emily Larkin—http://oregonstate.edu/~larkine/Public_Participation_GIS.html)

______________________________. 1999. A GIS for the public: Enhancing participation in local decision making. Paper given at GISRUK ’99 conference, Southampton, April ’99. (9p.) http://www.ccg.leeds.ac.uk/vdmisp/publications/gisruk99.html, http://geog.leeds.ac.uk/papers/99-7/

Slaithwaite PFR-NIF refers to the ‘Planning for Real’ ® exercise by Neighbourhood Initiatives Foundation using a 1:1000 3-D scale model of Slaithwaite village, West Yorkshire, UK.

Kingston, Richard.1998. Accessing GIS over the Web: an aid to Public Participation in Environmental Decision Making. Paper presented at NCGIA Special Meeting: Empowerment, Marginalization and Public Participation GIS, Santa Barbara, CA, URL http://www.nciga.ucsb.edu/varenius/ppgis/papers/index.html

Kruse, Natalie, Frieda M.-T.F. Behets, Georgine Vaovola, Gillian Burkhardt, Texina Barivelo, X. Amida, and Gina Dallabetta. 2003. Participatory mapping of sex trade and enumeration of sex workers using capture re capture methodology in Diego-Suarez, Madagascar. Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Journal of the American Venereal Disease Association 30 (8) 664

Krygier, John B. 2002. A Praxis of Public Participation GIS and Visualization. In Craig, Will, Trevor Harris, and Daniel Weiner. Community Participation and Geographic Information Systems. London: Taylor and Francis. 330-345.

Kyem, Peter A. Kwaku. Forthcoming. Power, Participation and Inflexible Institutions: An examination of the Challenges to Community Empowerment in Participatory GIS Applications. Cartographica.

Kyem, P.A.K. 2002a. Examining the Community Empowerment Agenda in Public Participation GIS Applications. Proceedings: July 21-23, Public Participation GIS (PPGIS) Conference held in New Brunswick, NJ. Available at http://www.iapad.org/publications/ppgis/community_empowerment_in_PPGIS.pdf, or http://www.urisa.org/PPGIS/selected_papers.htm

Kyem, Peter A. Kwaku. 2002. Promoting Local Community Participation in Forest Management through a PPGIS Application in Southern Ghana. In Craig, Will, Trevor Harris, and Daniel Weiner. Community Participation and Geographic Information Systems. London: Taylor and Francis. 218-231.

Kyem P. A. K. 2000. Embedding GIS applications into resource management and planning activities of local and indigenous communities: A Desirable innovation or a destabilizing enterprise? Journal of Planning Education and Research 20(2) 176-186.

Laituri, Melinda. 2003. The Issue of Access: An Assessment Guide for Evaluating Public Participation Geographic Information Science Case Studies. Urban and Regional Information Systems Association (URISA) Journal 15, APA (Access and Participatory Approaches) II. 25-32. Available at http://www.urisa.org/Journal/APANo2/Final.pdf.

Laituri, Melinda. 2002. Ensuring Access to GIS for Marginal Societies. In Craig, Will, Trevor Harris, and Daniel Weiner. Community Participation and Geographic Information Systems. London: Taylor and Francis. 270-282.

Laituri, M. and Harvey, L., 1995. Bridging the space between indigenous ecological knowledge and New Zealand conservation management using GIS. In Nature Conservation: The Role of Networks, edited by D. Saunders, J. Craig, and E. Mattiske, (New South Wales, Australia: Surrey Beatty and Sons), pp. 122-31.

Leitner, Helga, Robert B. McMaster, Sarah Elwood, Susanna McMaster and Eric Sheppard. 2002. Models for Making GIS Available to Community Organizations: Dimensions of Difference and Appropriateness. In Craig, Will, Trevor Harris, and Daniel Weiner. Community Participation and Geographic Information Systems. London: Taylor and Francis. 37-52.

Leitner, Helga, Sarah Elwood, Eric Sheppard, Susanna McMaster, and Robert McMaster. 2000. Modes of GIS Provision and their Appropriateness for Neighborhood Organizations-Examples. URISA Journal 12, 4: 43-56.

Leitner, H., McMaster, R., Elwood, S., McMaster, S., and Sheppard, E., 1998, Models for making GIS available to community organization: Dimensions of difference and appropriateness. Paper presented at NCGIA Special Meeting: Empowerment, Marginalization and Public Participation GIS, Santa Barbara, CA, URL http://www.nciga.ucsb.edu/varenius/ppgis/papers/index.html.

Liverman, Diana, Emilio F. Moran, Ronald R Rindfuss, and Paul C. Stern. eds. 1998. People and Pixels: Linking Remote Sensing and Social Science. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. 244 pp.

Presentations made at a 1996 workshop organized by the National Research Council's Human Dimensions of Global Change. It is meant less to report research results, although some preliminary results are presented, than to provide insight into several projects exemplifying this methodological approach of merging remotely sensed and social science data.

Macnab, Paul. 2002. There must be a Catch: Participatory GIS in a Newfoundland Fishing Community. In Craig, Will, Trevor Harris, and Daniel Weiner. Community Participation and Geographic Information Systems. London: Taylor and Francis. 173-191.

Martin, Eugene W. and Chris F. Davis. 2000. The Pacific Northwest Conservation GIS User Assessment: A study of the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) by
Environmental Organizations in the Pacific Northwest . CommEnSpace, Community & Environment Spatial Analysis Center www.commenspace.org

The study was initiated by the Brainerd Foundation to better understand the needs of non-profit environmental organizations using geographic information systems (GIS) in the Pacific Northwest (Alaska to Oregon). 205 organizations were surveyed via the web and supplemented with 8 phone interviews. Reviewers sought to understand GIS user types and needs, hurdles and solutions, and opportunities for organizational collaboration and communication.

Martin, M., J. Myers, and R. Ghose. 1995. GIS and neighborhood planning: a model for revitalizing communities. Urban and Regional Information Systems Association (URISA) Journal 7(2): 63-67.

McCall, Michael K. 2003. Seeking good governance in participatory-GIS: a review of processes and governance dimensions in applying GIS to participatory spatial planning. Habitat International 27, 549-573.

McConchie, Jack A. and John McKinnon. 2002. MIGIS – Using GIS to produce community-based maps to promote collaborative natural resource management. A Hani case study, Luchun County, Yunnan. ASEAN Biodiversity, Vol. 2 No. 1, 27-34. ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity Conservation (ARCBC). Available at http://www.iapad.org/publications/ppgis/Using_GIS_to_produce_CB_maps.pdf.

Meredith, Thomas C., Gregory G. Yetmen and Gisela Frias. 2002. Mexican and Canadian Case Studies of Community-Based Spatial Information Management for Biodiversity Conservation. Craig, Will, Trevor Harris, and Daniel Weiner. Community Participation and Geographic Information Systems. London: Taylor and Francis. 205-217.

Merrick, Meg. 2003. Reflections on PPGIS: A View from the Trenches. Urban and Regional Information Systems Association (URISA) Journal 15, APA (Access and Participatory Approaches) II. 33-40. Available at http://www.urisa.org/Journal/APANo2/Final.pdf.

Myers, Jim, and Michael Martin. 1994. 'Metcalfe Park Neighborhood Residents Association Housing GIS Project: Applying Geographic Information Systems to Neighborhood Planning.' URISA Proceedings. (URL)

Niles, Sarah and Susan Hanson. 2003. A New Era of Accessibility? Urban and Regional Information Systems Association (URISA) Journal 15, APA (Access and Participatory Approaches) I. 35-42. Available at http://www.urisa.org/Journal/APANo1/Final.pdf.

Norheim, Robert A. Forthcoming. How institutional cultures affect results: Comparing two old-growth forest mapping projects. Cartographica.

Nyerges, T., Barndt, M. and Brooks, K. 1997. Public Participation Geographic Information Systems. ACSM/ASPRS Annual Convention and Exposition Technical Papers, pp.  224-233. Bethesda, MD.

Obermeyer, N. J., 1998, The Evolution of public participation GIS. Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, 25, 2, 65-66.

Obermeyer, N. J., 1998, HUD's community connection for local empowerment, Paper presented at NCGIA Special Meeting: Empowerment, Marginalization and Public Participation GIS, Santa Barbara, CA, URL http://www.nciga.ucsb.edu/varenius/ppgis/papers/index.html

Parker, Cheryl and Amelita Pascual. 2002. A Voice that Could not be Ignored: Community GIS and Gentrification Battles in San Francisco . In Craig, Will, Trevor Harris, and Daniel Weiner. Community Participation and Geographic Information Systems. London: Taylor and Francis. 55-64.

Peng, Zhong-Ren. 2001. Internet GIS for public participation. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 28(6): 889 - 905.

Ramasubramanian, Laxmi. 1996. Building Communities: GIS and Participatory Decision Making. Journal of Urban Technology 3(1): 67-79.

Internet GIS allows public participation by those who would not otherwise be involved in traditional means of participation such as town meetings. Users can compare different potential outcomes of planning decisions. When designed correctly, it has the advantage of the user needing only to have access to the internet rather than access to specific software packages. There are four levels of internet GIS, each allowing for more functionality than the previous levels. (from Emily Larkin—http://oregonstate.edu/~larkine/Public_Participation_GIS.html)

Ramasubramanian, Laxmi. 1996. Knowledge Production and Use in Community-Based Organizations: Examining the Impacts and Influence of Information Technologies. NCGIA Baltimore Conference Proceedings, 1996: Spatial Technology, Geographic Information, and the City. http://ncgia.ucsb.edu/conf/BALTIMORE/authors/ramasubramanian/paper.html. [Ph.D. dissertation completed in 1998]

Repetti, Alexandre, and R. Prelaz-Droux. 2002. An urban monitor as support for a participatory management of developing cities. Paper given at GISDECO Conference ‘Governance and the Use of GIS in Developing Countries’, Enschede, May ’02. Proc. 31.1 - 31.12.

Roche, Stéphane. 2003. Geographic Information and Public Participation: Research Proposal from a French Perspective. Urban and Regional Information Systems Association (URISA) Journal 15, APA (Access and Participatory Approaches) II. 41-48. Available at http://www.urisa.org/Journal/APANo2/Final.pdf.

Rugg, Robert D. 2003. A Framework for the Use of Geographic Information in Participatory Community Planning and Development. Urban and Regional Information Systems Association (URISA) Journal 15, APA (Access and Participatory Approaches) II. 75-80. Available at http://www.urisa.org/Journal/APANo2/Final.pdf.

Sawicki, David S. 1996. Information and Spatial Technologies and the Inner City. NCGIA Baltimore Conference Proceedings, 1996: Spatial Technology, Geographic Information, and the City. (URL)http://ncgis.ucsb.edu/conf/BALTIMORE/authors/sawicki/paper.html.

Sawicki, David S. 1993. Developing the Atlanta Project's Information System. URISA Proceedings: 129-144.

Sawicki, D. S. and Craig, W. J., 1996, The democratization of data: Bridging the gap for community groups.  Journal of the American Planning Association, 62, 4, 512-523.

Sawicki, David S. and Patrick Burke. 2002. The Atlanta Project: Reflections on PPGIS Practice. In Craig, Will, Trevor Harris, and Daniel Weiner. Community Participation and Geographic Information Systems. London: Taylor and Francis. 89-100.

Sawicki, David S. and David Randall Peterman. 2002. Surveying the Extent of PPGIS Practice in the United States. Craig, Will, Trevor Harris, and Daniel Weiner. Community Participation and Geographic Information Systems. London: Taylor and Francis. 17-36.

Sawicki, D. S. and Peterman, D. R., 1998, Understanding the breadth and depth of PPGIS supply, Paper presented at NCGIA Special Meeting: Empowerment, Marginalization and Public Participation GIS, Santa Barbara, CA, URL http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/varenius/ppgis/papers/sawicki.pdf.

Schachtel, Marsha R.B 2001. CitiStat and the Baltimore Neighborhood Indicators Alliance: Using Information to Improve communication and community. National Civic Review 90(3) 253-266.

Baltimore improves service delivery efficiency across government departments. Neighborhood-focused Alliance uses information technology to support residents strengthening community.

Schmitt, Brian. (1996) 'Community Organizations and GIS Implementation: From Experience to Theory. Available at http://www.spatial.maine.edu/ucgis/testproc/schmitt/schmitt.html.

Schroeder, Paul. 1997. A Public Participation Approach to Charting Information Spaces. ACSM/ASPRS Annual Convention and Exposition Technical Papers, Vol. 5: 244-253. URL http://www.spatial.maine.edu/~schroedr/autoc13.html.

Schroeder, Paul. 1998. Access to Public Information: Who Will Control it? The Dissident. Available at http://www.dissident.org/071998/schroeder.htm.

Schroeder, P. 1997. GIS in public participation settings. http://www.spatial.maine.edu/ucgis/testproc/schroeder/UCGISDFT.htm

Schulte, Kurt J. 1999. Utilizing GIS to facilitate public participation in access management issues: a case study. Paper given at APA National Planning Conference, Seattle, 1999. http://www.asu.edu/caed/proceedings99/SCHULTE/SCHULTE.HTM

Shadrach, B. 2001. Strengthening poor people’s knowledge and information systems in developing countries. E-conference on the knowledge and information systems of the urban poor: a summary report. [Loughborough University of Technology, Department of Information Science] http://nt1.ids.ac.uk/cgi-bin2/dbtcgi.exe

local participation, resources, ICT, information, women

Shiffer, Michael J. 2002. Spatial Multimedia Representations to Support Community Participation. In Craig, Will, Trevor Harris, and Daniel Weiner. Community Participation and Geographic Information Systems. London: Taylor and Francis. 309-319.

______________. 1998. Multimedia GIS for planning support and public discourse. Cartography & GIS 25 (2) 89-94.

Sieber, R. E. Forthcoming. A PPGIScience? Cartographica 38(3-4).

Sieber, R. E. Forthcoming. Rewiring for a GIS/2. Cartographica 39(1).

Sieber, R. E. 2003. Public Participation GIS Across Borders. The Canadian Geographer 47(1): 50-61

Sieber, Renée E. 2002. Geographic Information Systems in the Environmental Movement. In Craig, Will, Trevor Harris, and Daniel Weiner. Community Participation and Geographic Information Systems. London: Taylor and Francis. 153-172.

Sieber, R. E., 2000, GIS implementation in the grassroots. Urban and Regional Information Systems Association Journal, 12, 1, 15-29.

Sieber R. E., 1997, Computers in the Grassroots: Environmentalists, GIS, and Public Policy. Ph.D. Dissertation, Rutgers University. Dissertation Committee Members: Lyna Wiggins, Chair (Rutgers University), Richard Brail (Rutgers University), Scott Campbell (Rutgers University), Will Craig (University of Minnesota).

Silva, Julie A., Jon Saul and David Kim. 2002. Let Maps Tell the Story: Using PPGIS in the Evaluation of Community-based Initiatives. Proceedings of the First Annual PPGIS Conference. pp. 216-222. Also available at http://www.urisa.org/PPGIS/selected_papers.htm

Smith, Robin S. and Massimo Craglia. 2003. Digital Participation and Access to Geographic Information: A Case Study of Local Government in the United Kingdom. Urban and Regional Information Systems Association (URISA) Journal 15, APA (Access and Participatory Approaches) II. 49-54. Available at http://www.urisa.org/Journal/APANo2/Final.pdf.

Spicer, J. L. 2000. Grassroots Organizations and GIS: Assessing the Role of Geographical Information and GIS in Grassroots Watershed Organizations in West Virginia. Retrieved 5 January 2001 from the World Wide Web: http://etd.wvu.edu/ETDS/E1465/Spicer_J_Thesis.pdf

St. Martin, Kevin. 2001. Making Space for Community Resource Management in Fisheries, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 91(1): 122-42.

Stonich, Susan C. 2002. Information Technologies, PPGIS, and Advocacy: Globalization of Resistance to Industrial Shrimp Farming. In Craig, Will, Trevor Harris, and Daniel Weiner. Community Participation and Geographic Information Systems. London: Taylor and Francis. 259-269.

Stonich, S. C. and Cisna, K. 1998 Information Technologies, PPGIS, and Advocacy: Globalization of Resistance to Industrial Shrimp Farming. Paper presented at NCGIA Special Meeting: Empowerment, Marginalization and Public Participation GIS, Santa Barbara, CA, November, URL http://www.nciga.ucsb.edu/varenius/ppgis/papers/index.html

Sun Sheng Han, and Zhen Peng. 2003.  Public participation GIS (PPGIS) for town council management in Singapore. Environment and Planning B, Planning & Design 30 (1) 89-112.

Talen, E., 2000, Bottom-Up GIS: A New Tool for Individual and Group Expression in Participatory Planning, Journal of the American Planning Association, 66(3), 279-294

Talen, E. 1999. Constructing neighborhoods from the bottom up: the case for resident-generated GIS. Environment and Planning B, 26(4): 533-554.

Tulloch, David L. and Tamara Shapiro. 2003. The Intersection of Data Access And Public Participation: Impacting GIS Users’ Success? Urban and Regional Information Systems Association (URISA) Journal 15, APA (Access and Participatory Approaches) II. 55-60. Available at http://www.urisa.org/Journal/APANo2/Final.pdf.

Tulloch, David L. 2002. Environmental NGOs and Community Access to Technology as a Force for Change. In Craig, Will, Trevor Harris, and Daniel Weiner. Community Participation and Geographic Information Systems. London: Taylor and Francis. 192-204.

Tulloch, D., 1998, Environmental NGOs: Community access to technology as a force for change, Paper presented at NCGIA Special Meeting: Empowerment, Marginalization and Public Participation GIS, Santa Barbara, CA, URL http://www.nciga.ucsb.edu/varenius/ppgis/papers/index.html.

Ventura, Stephen J., Bernard J. Niemann, Jr., Todd L. Sutphin and Richard E. Chenoweth. 2002. GIS-Enhanced Land Use Planning in Dane County, Wisconsin. In Craig, Will, Trevor Harris, and Daniel Weiner. Community Participation and Geographic Information Systems. London: Taylor and Francis. 113-124.

Walker, Daniel H., Anne M. Leitch, Raymond de Lai; Alison Cottrell, Andrew K. L. Johnson and David Pullar. 2002. A Community Based and Collaborative GIS Joint Venture in Rural Australia. In Craig, Will, Trevor Harris, and Daniel Weiner. Community Participation and Geographic Information Systems. London: Taylor and Francis. 137-152.

Waters, Timothy. 2002. A Java Public Participation GIS using a Spray Can Tool for an Investigation on the Perception of Crime in Leeds. Leeds, University of Leeds, MSc Thesis in GIS. (164p.)

Weiner, Daniel and Trevor M. Harris. 2003. Community-integrated GIS for Land Reform in South Africa. Urban and Regional Information Systems Association (URISA) Journal 15, APA (Access and Participatory Approaches) II. 61-74. Available at http://www.urisa.org/Journal/APANo2/Final.pdf.

Weiner, Daniel, Trevor M. Harris and William J. Craig. 2002. Community Participation and Geographic Information Systems. In Craig, Will, Trevor Harris, and Daniel Weiner. Community Participation and Geographic Information Systems. London: Taylor and Francis. 3-16.

Weiner, Daniel, Trevor M. Harris and William J. Craig. 2001. Community Participation and Geographic Information Systems. Paper presented at the "ESF-NSF Workshop on Access to Geographic Information and Participatory Approaches Using Geographic Information", Spoleto, 6-8 December 2001. http://www.iapad.org/publications/ppgis/Community%20Participation%20and%20Geographic%20Information%20Systems.pdf.

Weiner, D. and Harris, T. (1999). Community-Integrated GIS for Land Reform in South Africa. Retrieved 8 April 2001 from the World Wide Web: http://albrecht.geog.uwm.edu/GIS/RegSci/pdffiles/gisweiner.pdf

Weiner, D., Harris, T. M., and Burkhart, P. H. 1996. Local Knowledge, Multiple Realities, and the Production of Geographic Information: South Africa and West Virginia Case Studies. Retrieved 29 April 2001 from the World Wide Web: http://www.geo.wvu.edu/i19/papers/weiner3.html

Weiner, D., Warner, T., Harris, T. M. and Levin, R. M. 1995. Apartheid Representations in a Digital Landscape: GIS, Remote Sensing, and Local Knowledge in Kiepersol, South Africa. Cartography and Geographic Information Systems 22(1): 30-44.

Wildgen, John K. 1998. Environmental Justice in Louisiana's Industrial Corridor. Proceedings of the ESRI Users Conference. Available at http://gis.esri.com/library/userconf/proc98/PROCEED/TO200/PAP158/P158.HTM.

Wong, Sidney and Yang Liang Chua. Forthcoming. Data Intermediation and Beyond: Issues for Web-Based PPGIS. Cartographica.